The content of the Treaty of Waitangi
The Treaty is an agreement between the British Crown, represented by William Hobson, and iwi and hapū in New Zealand represented by rangatira. But who agreed to what?
Kei a Kuini Wikitōria te mana kawanatanga, kei ngā rangatira te mana rangatiratanga.
Queen Victoria holds authority over the country, the chiefs hold right of possession.
Two languages
There is an English version and a Māori version of the Treaty of Waitangi, with some significant differences between the two.
Most rangatira signed the Māori version. Only 39 signed the English.
What the Treaty offered
Missionary William Colenso feared that Māori did not understand what they were signing.
William Colenso, about 1880, maker unknown. Purchased 1916. Te Papa (O.012380)
1. For Britain: ‘sovereignty’ or ‘kawanatanga’ over New Zealand
In the English version, Māori cede to the British Crown what is called ‘sovereignty’ over New Zealand. In the Māori version, this is expressed as ‘kawanatanga’ (governorship).
The ‘preamble’ to the Treaty spells out the need for this power – to allow the Queen to establish a government in New Zealand, to maintain peace, and to protect Māori rights, as more and more settlers from Britain and Europe arrive.
2. For Māori: ‘undisturbed possession’ of lands and property or ‘tino rangatiratanga’
The Māori version guarantees Māori ‘tino rangatiratanga’ (full chieftainship) over their lands and possessions. In the English version, they are guaranteed ‘undisturbed possession’ for as long as they want it.
However, should Māori wish to sell any of their land or property, they must offer it to the British Crown. This was to give Māori protection against unscrupulous land purchasers. But it also gave the Crown a great advantage – to buy land at a low price and sell it on to settlers at a profit. The income would fund the colony’s development.
3. For Māori: British rights
Māori have the British Crown’s protection and all the same rights as British subjects.
A matter of choice
Henry Williams, whose translation of the Treaty was crucial to Māori understanding.
Portrait of Henry Williams, from The life of Henry Williams, Archdeacon of Waimate, by Hugh Carleton, 1877. Gift of Charles Rooking Carter. Te Papa (RB001168)
On the afternoon of 4 February, Henry Williams recalled, ‘Captain Hobson came to me with the Treaty of Waitangi in English, for me to translate into Māori’. This had to be done overnight, to be ready for the first meeting of chiefs the next day. Williams made the translation with the help of his 21-year-old son Edward who had grown up in New Zealand.
The challenge was, as Williams later explained, to find words in Māori that matched the English, at the same time ‘preserving entire the spirit and tenor of the Treaty’.
The choice of words – ‘kawanatanga’ for ‘sovereignty’ and ‘rangatiratanga’ for ‘possession’ – would soon lead to debate over the terms of the Treaty. Rangatiratanga was the word used in 1835 for the ‘independence’ of New Zealand.
A matter of persuasion
No Māori helped Henry Williams when he translated the Treaty into the Māori language. But at the Waitangi meeting Tamati Waka Nene spoke persuasively to the chiefs. He said Māori had no option but to accept Hobson and British authority – change in northern New Zealand had gone too far. Chiefs were losing influence and Pākehā power was expanding.
He pointed to the many items of European clothing worn by the chiefs. A number of children were present too – living evidence of the degree to which the two races were mingled. Hobson should stay to be 'a father, a judge, a peacemaker’, a friend and a governor.
Nene was a recent convert to Christianity and signed the Treaty with his name, rather than a moko or mark used by many other chiefs.
A last minute addition
Bishop Pompallier, by Robert Henry Bartlett, 1870s, carte-de-visite. Purchased 1999 with New Zealand Lottery Grants Board funds. Te Papa (O.021288)
During the Treaty signing at Waitangi, the Catholic Bishop Pompallier expressed concern that some faiths might be discriminated against under British administration. He asked Hobson to guarantee religious freedom.
Hobson agreed, and allowed it to be recorded: ‘E mea ana te Kawana, ko nga whakapono katoa, o Ingarani, o nga Weteriana, o Roma, me te ritenga Maori hoki, e tiakina ngatahitia e ia.’ (The Governor says the several faiths of England, of the Wesleyans, of Rome, and also Māori custom shall be alike protected by him.)*
Although this doesn’t appear on the Treaty, it is considered by some to be part of the agreement.
Reference
* William Colenso, The Authentic and Genuine History of the Signing of the Treaty of Waitangi, Government Printer, Wellington, 1890 (reprinted Capper, 1971)
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This content was originally written for the Treaty2U website in partnership with National Library of New Zealand Te Puna Mātauranga o Aotearoa and Archives New Zealand Te Rua Mahara o Te Kāwanatanga in 2008, and reviewed in 2020.
